IntermediateTechnical - Accessibility & Responsive Design
How do you ensure accessibility (a11y) and responsiveness in your frontend work? Walk me through specific techniques, tools, and checks you use before shipping a feature.
Frontend Developer
General

Sample Answer

I treat accessibility and responsiveness as core requirements, not nice-to-haves. For accessibility, I start by using semantic HTML—proper headings, landmark roles, lists, and native controls where possible. I ensure all interactive elements are keyboard-accessible with visible focus states and avoid relying solely on hover for critical interactions. I use ARIA attributes sparingly and correctly, for example aria-live for dynamic content. I run automated checks with tools like axe DevTools or Lighthouse accessibility audits, then complement that with manual testing: keyboard-only navigation, screen reader spot checks (NVDA/VoiceOver), and color contrast verification (using tools like Stark or built-in devtools). I also pay attention to form labels, error messaging, and focus management in modals. For responsiveness, I design mobile-first using CSS Grid/Flexbox, fluid layouts, and responsive typography. I use media queries and container queries (where supported) to adapt layouts and test across common breakpoints and devices using browser devtools. I also consider performance on mobile—optimizing images, avoiding heavy scripts, and deferring non-critical work. Before shipping, I run a small checklist in our PR template covering a11y, responsiveness, and performance, and I’m comfortable pushing back if a design conflicts with basic accessibility standards.

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